Contextual Factors and Programme Theories Associated with Implementing Blue Prescription Programmes: A Systematic Realist Review

Nature-based social prescribing such as "blue prescription” promotes public health and health improvement of individuals with long-term health conditions. However, there is limited evidence explaining the relationship of contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes of implementing blue prescription programmes (BPPs) in health and social care settings that could inform policy and practice. We conducted a systematic realist review by searching PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, Scopus, MEDLINE, and CINAHL for articles published in English between January 2000 and June 2022 about health and social care professionals providing referral to or prescription of blue space activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, surfing, etc.) with health-related outcomes. Components and descriptions of BPP implementation were extracted and used to develop themes of contextual factors used to develop programme theories and a logic model demonstrating the mechanisms of BPP implementation. Sixteen studies with adequate to strong quality were included from 8,619 records. After participating in BPPs referred to or prescribed by health and social care professionals, service users had improvements in their physical, cognitive (mental), social health, and proenvironmental knowledge. Service user-related contextual factors were referral information, free equipment, transportation, social support, blue space environments, and skills of service providers. Programme-related contextual factors were communication, multistakeholder collaboration, financing, and adequate service providers. Programme theories on service user enrolment, engagement, adherence, communication protocols, and programme sustainability explain the mechanisms of BPP implementation. BPPs could promote health and wellbeing if contextual factors and programme theories associated with service users' characteristics and programme delivery are considered in the design, delivery, and evaluation of BPPs. Our study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020170660).

Development of Serious Games for the Rehabilitation of the Human Vertebral Spine for Home Care

With the occurrence of pandemics, such as COVID-19, which lead to social isolation, there is a need for home rehabilitation procedures without the direct supervision of health professionals. The great difficulty of treatment at home is the cost of the conventional equipment and the need for specialized labor to operate it. Thus, this paper aimed to develop serious games to assist health professionals in the physiotherapy of patients with spinal pain for clinical and home applications. Serious games integrate serious aspects such as teaching, rehabilitation, and information with the playful and interactive elements of video games. Despite the positive indication and benefits of physiotherapy for cases of chronic spinal pain, the long treatment time, social isolation due to pandemics, and lack of motivation to use traditional methods are some of the main causes of therapeutic failure. Using Unity 3D (version 2019.4.24f1) software and a personal computer with a webcam, we developed aesthetically pleasing, smooth, and attractive games, while maintaining the essence of seriousness that is required for rehabilitation. The serious games, controlled using OpenPose (version v1.0.0alpha-1.5.0) software, were tested with a healthy volunteer. The findings demonstrated that the proposed games can be used as a playful tool to motivate patients during physiotherapy and to reduce cases of treatment abandonment, including at home.

Administrative concerns in healthcare during COVID 19 pandemic in cement industry in India

IntroductionPurpose of this research is to describe the general administrative concerns and specific financial concerns in Occupational Health Centre in Cement manufacturing Industry in India during COVID19 and to compare the Administrative concerns in Healthcare in cement Industry.MethodsA descriptive qualitative study with ethnography approach to understand and determine administrative concerns faced by healthcare professionals in cement Industry was conducted using a motivational interview technique by Miller and Rollnick.ResultsIt was observed that financial concerns of purchase of new equipment, liaison and budget approval for health activities from senior management, promotions or designation were at par with other technical counterparts of the industry, minimizing the difference and managing the hospital budget and Non-financial concerns of staffing and manpower, Infrastructure development, Health surveillance and awareness, School health and CSR, Motivation of paramedical staff regarding promotion, Security on social and personal perspective, Optimum usage of available resources, Fitness of employees' vs sickness absenteeism – all had increased during the COVID19 pandemic.ConclusionsEmployee expectations were very high with demand for privileged services. Appropriate usage of services for smooth administration and prevention of wastage, strict waste control measures, 100% legal compliance, liaison with external hospitals including local government for appropriate help to be provided for the management within the legal boundaries, proactive health awareness programs on a time-weighted scale with result oriented mindset for the benefit of employees. Similar health awareness programs for dependents and society with assessment of exposure risk under CSR can be achieved by collecting the required data, analysing employee's health status outcomes, setting of goals, awareness of roles and responsibilities, rewards and recognition, proactive approach towards Preventive medicine, collaboration with other organizations or higher centres, setting of clear guidelines, working with HRD, Focus on Telehealth and Virtual Healthcare training.

Reconsidering adaptive industrialized construction in Chinese rural areas: responding to the challenge of COVID-19

The spread of COVID-19 has caused an increasing demand for public medical rooms, especially in Chinese rural regions. Industrialized building techniques have been shown as capable of fulfilling this demand through the case of the Leishenshan Hospital. However, industrialized construction requires developed technologies and infrastructures, which are often non-existent in rural areas, thus making it difficult to replicate such a feat. Therefore, more suitable solutions for Chinese rural project delivery in the pandemic scenario are needed. Considering the constraints of pandemic prevention and rural applicability, the adaptive industrialized construction (AIC) method has potential as an alternative. This study evaluates the application of AIC by comparing simulated results using AIC and a conventional method, based on five evaluation indicators: construction speed, labourer distribution, material consumption, equipment utilization, and cost. Taking an actual project as the sample building, the results indicate that the AIC method has several advantages. These include a shorter construction period, less labourer gathering onsite, and a lower cost, suggesting it may be an effective solution for rural project delivery during the pandemic. Architects and contractors could employ the same evaluation method to explore more solutions and optimize the construction schedule for future rapid construction needs in rural areas in a pandemic.

Malachite Green-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by One-Step Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) revealed the necessity of diagnosis of the infected people to prevent the prevalence infection cycle. Many commercial pathogen diagnosis methods are based on the detection of genomic materials. Isothermal amplification methods such as loop-mediated-isothermal amplification (LAMP) are the method of choice in these cases. Reverse transcription steps are efficiently coupled to LAMP for the detection of pathogens with genomic RNAs such as SARS-CoV-2. Many detection systems for LAMP include fluorescent readout systems. Although such systems result in desirable limits of detection, the need for special instrumentation is the main dispute of such systems to become real point of care assays. In contrast, colorimetric detection methods would reduce costs and improve the applicability of the system. In this study one-step reverse transcription-LAMP reaction was established that enables visual detection of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Nasopharyngeal RNA samples were first validated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and then subjected to RT-LAMP. To lower the cost associated with the readout system equipment, malachite green (MG) was used. The color change of MG to blue allowed visual detection of the virus. Firstly, experiments were set up as two-step RT-LAMP reaction to identify the best primer sets. In addition, MG concentration was optimized with the significant colorimetric signal for the positive samples. Next, a one-step colorimetric method was developed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 based on MG color shift in 2 h.

Managerial decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the sustainability initiatives of Canadian foodservice businesses

COVID-19 had a major impact on the Canadian foodservice sector. Like most countries, the pandemic in Canada resulted in various periods of lockdown. The pandemic placed great strain on many establishments and had a major impact on the pre-COVID-19 sustainability initiatives of the Canadian foodservice sector. The purpose of this study was to observe managerial decision-making in Canadian foodservice businesses during lockdown and reopening, focusing on the impact of those decisions on pre-COVID-19 sustainability initiatives. We linked the outcomes to the theory of decision-making by objection during times of crises. This study used semi-structured interviews over a two-month period in mid-2020 with three Canadian foodservice establishments. Our results showed that decision-making impacted the environmental sustainability initiatives in foodservice establishments by imposing a throwaway culture for food and personal protective equipment. The pandemic also impacted social and economic initiatives, created higher operation costs, a complexity of government intervention and the managing of mental health. This study showed that the COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to develop theories of managerial decisions during crises and disasters that are natural, versus human-based crises, with pandemics situated between those two concepts. Future research could investigate the impact of decision-making on other initiatives within foodservice businesses.

Impact of covid-19 on health and financial status, practice and attitude and views of dentists in Pune city – A questionnaire based cross-sectional study

Background: Numerous dental clinics have been forced to close due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2high)'s contagiousness as well as the fact that dental operations frequently produce blood and saliva droplets that could spread the illness. The current study was conducted to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on health and financial status, practice and attitudes and views of dentists in Pune city. Methods: In Pune city, a questionnaire survey will be administered to general dentists and specialists. 30 questions and 5 parts make up the survey. In the first segment, there were some basic demographic facts. Closed questions (yes/no questions) about the dentists' perception and its impact on their physical health make up the second segment. Financial status-related questions are asked in the third part. Questions about the shift in dental practice brought on by the COVID-19 epidemic are included in the fourth section. The survey's fifth question assesses dentists' attitudes and perspectives on the outbreak using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: Overall, 187 dentists contributed to this study. There was significant variance for the questions that evaluated the responses for the Dentists' opinion and its effect on their physical health, Financial status and change in dental practice due to COVID-19 pandemic and the 5-point Likert-scale scoring to evaluate dentists' attitudes and views on the outbreak. Categorised on the basis of the field of dentistry for the question of Dentists' opinion and its effect on their physical health there was no significant variance between the various fields of dentistry except for the response of the question Take COVID-19 test for all patients where the P=0.006. Conclusion: Employees in the dental healthcare industry are most at risk of getting COVID-19. Therefore, during the pandemic, dental professionals should follow the established protocols more carefully. To lessen the danger of COVID-19 transmission, they could also cut back on their work schedules and only perform dental procedures as an absolute last resort. Additionally, in order to reduce the danger of infection, public organizations should supply the dental professionals with the necessary equipment.

MEETINGS AND SHOWS

Because of the impact that COVID-19 is having on conferences, please check the conference's website for the most up-to-date information. 2023 JANUARY ABMA Annual Meeting, Jan. 13 - 16, Carlsbad, Calif. Contact the Indoor Air Quality Association at 844-802-4103, info@iaqa.org or https://annualmeeting.iaqa.org MARCH HVAC Cold Climate Conference 2023, March 6 - 8, Anchorage, Alaska. Contact the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy at 202-507-4000 or www.aceee.org/2023-hot-water-forum IIAR Natural Refrigeration Conference & Heavy Equipment Expo, March 12 - 15, Long Beach, Calif.

Coverage of Farmers' Issues in Newspapers during COVID-19: An Analysis of Major Kannada Dailies

[...]in this background, the present study aimed to explore the farmers' subjects covered in Kannada significant dailies, the presentation of the problems and which newspaper emphasizes more farmers' issues. In India, 50 per cent of working labourers are involved in agricultural activities, and 68 per cent of household income is dependent on agriculture. Because of COVID-19, they are suffering from marketing their product and earning money for livelihood [1]. Even though various programmers such as renting agricultural equipment, Kisan call centers to guide the farmers, PM Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana, etc., farmers struggle to get seeds and fertilizers quickly. Since its beginning, newspapers have played a vital role in drawing public and administration attention to many social issues. Many people lost their jobs and returned to their villages to lead safe lives. Because of the inverse migration, villages get infected, and COVID-19 started spreading among village communities.

Investigation on factors causing construction delay and their effects on the development of Oman’s construction industry

Construction delay in projects is a common manifestation in the construction industry. Delay in construction will lead to a bad relationship between the parties involved and will also lead to an increase in the allocated completion time. Delay in the ongoing project might result in the loss of the money, time and other facilities by the client and cause a lot of financial damage to the contractor due to its investment in the purchase of equipment, construction materials and the hire of skilled workers. Delay in construction is a common problem that occurs mostly due to the unforeseen problems during the design & construction stages which often lead to delays in the completion of the project. Oman’s construction industry is one of the most important industries for the country’s economic development and growth. In this study, analysis of some available literature was conducted, and a questionnaire survey was floated among contractors, consultants, clients, project managers, and engineers involved in construction projects. All the collected responses were evaluated by using SPSS. The results of the study identified a total of 60 causes of delay out of which three factors have a “High” significance level for construction delays. These factors of “High” significance were associated with “Client related issues only” in which the initial design was altered by the client, delaying in deciding by the client and, scope change by the client. Majority of the delay (84 %) was observed to be lying in the range of 1‑2 years. This study also recognized the effect and minimization of regular delay and delay resulted due to Covid-19. Minimizing construction delay criteria can be managed by having a proper control system in the project time and funds

MEETINGS AND SHOWS

Because of the impact that COVID-19 is having on conferences, please check the conference's website for the most up-to-date information. DECEMBER HARDI Annual Conference, Dec, 3-6, Houston, Contact Heating Air-conditioning & Refrigeration Distributors International at 888-253-2128, hardimail@hardinet.org or https://hardinet.org/events Buildings XV Conference, Dec, 5-8, Clearwater Beach, Fla, Contact ASHRAE at 800-527-4723, meetings@ashrae.org or www.ashrae.org/buildingsxv International Conference on Building Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Dec. 9-10, New York, N.Y. Contact organizers at https://tinyurl.com/ICBVAC22 2023 JANUARY ABMA Annual Meeting, Jan. 13-16, Carlsbad, Calif. Contact the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy at 202-507-4000 or www.aceee.org/2023-hot-water-forum IIAR Natural Refrigeration Conference & Heavy Equipment Expo, March 12-15, Long Beach, Calif.

Reducing Volume to Increase Capacity—Measures to Reduce Transport Energy for Recyclable Waste Collection

The production of municipal waste is increasing all over the world. Although a significant part of the waste is collected as commingled waste, much of it is recyclable if disposed of properly. Thus, separate deposition and collection plays an extremely important role today, more than ever, not only in terms of preventing pollution but also from the point of view of recycling as a driver of circular economy and of efficient use of resources. This work is focused on the development of compaction equipment to be applied to containers, which allows a more efficient approach to the process of collecting waste for recycling. As a management option, recycling depends on collective behavior which is based on individual acts. Therefore, individual use of plastic/metal compaction systems can help meet recycling targets, even as a complement to conventional bins. Thus, herein a proposal is presented for a plastic/metal collection station with a built-in compaction element that allows for the compacting of the separated waste, individually, in an easily accessible drawer. Sorting and compacting waste before collection will result in a reduction of the number of collection/transport stops, which will also translate into higher energy efficiency, cost savings, optimization of the transported tons/km ratio, and profitability.

STAVOVI ZAPOSLENIKA O RADU OD KUĆE - ZAŠTITA OD PANDEMIJE COVID-19 ILI NOVONORMALNE MOGUĆNOSTI BUDUĆEG RADA

Cilj istraživanja je prikazati prednosti i nedostatke rada od kuće te njegova utjecaja na psihičko i fizičko zdravije zaposlenika kako bi se razvile preporuke koje bi pridonosile očuvanju zdravija zaposlenika te pomogle poslodavcu da poduzme mjere koje su u njegovom području, a koje se mogu provoditi s ciljem očuvanja zdravija zaposlenika kao i njegova zadovoljstva radom. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 63 ispitanika;22 muškarca i 41 žena, radno aktivnih. Korišten je anketni upitnik sastavljen od 30 pitanja. U upitniku su praćene varijable koje opisuju opće podatke o zaposlenicima: veličinu i tip tvrtke zaposlenika, organizaciju radnog mjesta, opremu za rad od kuće i financiranju iste, zakonsku regulativu o radu od kuće, psihološke posljedice rada od kuće, prednosti i nedostatke rada od kuće, pojavnosti bolnih sindroma pri radu od kuće, promjene funkcija i navika pri radu od kuće te opće zadovoljstvo radom od kuće. Rezultati su pokazali da su fleksibilnost i mogućnost uskladivanja privatnog i poslovnog života jedna od prednosti rada od kuće, a nedovoljno socijalnih kontakata i otežana komunikacija s kolegama na poslu, ometanje ukućana u radu, za sada još uvijek nedovoljna stimulacija tvrtki te zastarjelost zakonske regulative;nedostatci rada od kuće. Prednosti i nedostatke ovog rada autori su koristili kao preporuke za zaposlenike i poslodavce pri radu od kuće. Stoga rad od kuće u budućnosti neće biti samo bijeg od pandemije korona virusa, već i produktivan način rada koji će zaposlenicima i poslodavcima uštedjeti vrijeme putovanja na mjesto rada, smanjiti broj ozljeda na radu, smanjiti stres i negativne posljedice rada te unaprijediti sadašnje mogućnosti rada mnogih tvrtki.Alternate :The aim of the research is to show the advantages and disadvantages of working from home and its impact on the mental and physical health of employees in order to develop recommendations that would contribute to preserving the health of employees and help the employer to take measures in its domain that can be implemented to preserve health of the employee and his job satisfaction. The study involved 63 respondents, 22 men and 41 women, working. We used a survey questionnaire composed of 30 questions. In the questionnaire, we followed the variables that describe: general information about employees: size and type of employee company, workplace organization, equipment for work from home and its financing, legislation on work from home, psychological consequences of work from home, advantages and disadvantages of at home, the incidence of painful syndromes at work from home, changes in functions and habits at work from home and general satisfaction with working from home. The results showed that flexibility and the possibility of reconciling private and business life are one of the advantages of working from home, and insufficient social contacts and difficult communication with colleagues at work, disruption of family members, insufficient stimulation of companies and obsolescence of labor regulations from home. We used the advantages and disadvantages of this work as recommendations for employees and employers when working from home. Therefore, we hope that working from home in the future will not only be an escape from the coronavirus pandemic but also a productive way of working that will save employees and employers time to travel to work, reduce injuries at work, reduce stress and negative consequences and improve current opportunities work of many companies.

A Sustainable Approach for the Development of Innovative Products from Fruit and Vegetable By-Products

The waste generated by small-scale ultra-fresh juice producers, such as bistros and restaurants, has been little studied so far, mainly because it is unevenly distributed and dissipated in the economic ecosystem and would require high costs associated with transportation and subsequent recovery of bio composites. The present article seeks to offer solutions by providing sustainable methods to reduce their waste losses to a minimum and transform them into valuable products, with affordable equipment and techniques. The study focuses on the preliminary phase of quantitative analysis of fruit and vegetable by-products generated on a small scale, the results showing a mean 55% productivity in fresh juices. Due to the high amount of remnant water content in waste, a new process of mechanically pressing the resulting squeezed pulp was introduced, generating an additional yield in juice, ranging from 3.98 to 51.4%. Due to the rising trend in healthier lifestyle, the by-products were frozen or airdried for conservation in each of the processing stages, and the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were analyzed in order to assess the traceability of these bioactive compounds to help maximize their transfer into future final products. The polyphenols transferred into by-products varied between 7 and 23% in pulps and between 6 and 20% in flours. The highest DPPH potential was found in flours, up to three-fold in comparison with the raw material, but the high dry substance content must be accounted for. The results highlight the potential of reusing the processing waste as a reliable source of bioactive compounds.

Overview of Solar–Wind Hybrid Products: Prominent Challenges and Possible Solutions

Solar and wind power systems have been prime solutions to the challenges centered on reliable power supply, sustainability, and energy costs for several years. However, there are still various challenges in these renewable industries, especially regarding limited peak periods. Solar–wind hybrid technology introduced to mitigate these setbacks has significant drawbacks and suffers from low adoption rates in many geographies. Hence, it is essential to investigate the challenges faced with these technologies and analyze the viable solutions proposed. This work examined solar–wind hybrid plants’ economic and technical opportunities and challenges. In the present work, the pressing challenges solar–wind hybrids face were detailed through extensive case studies, the case study of enabling policies in India, and overproduction in Germany. Presently, the principal challenges of solar–wind hybrids are overproduction, enabling policies, and electricity storage. This review highlights specific, viable, proposed solutions to these problems. As already recorded in the literature, it was discovered that academic research in this space focuses majorly on the techno-economic and seemingly theoretical aspects of these hybrid systems. In contrast, reports and publications from original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and engineering, procurement, and construction engineers (EPCs) are more rounded, featuring real-life application and implementation.

Virtual Training System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Control Teaching–Learning Processes

The present work is focused on the development of a Virtual Environment as a test system for new advanced control algorithms for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The virtualized environment allows us to visualize the behavior of the UAV by including the mathematical model of it. The mathematical structure of the kinematic and dynamic models is represented in a matrix form in order to be used in different control algorithms proposals. For the dynamic model, the constants are obtained experimentally, using a DJI Matrice 600 Pro UAV. All of this is conducted with the purpose of using the virtualized environment in educational processes in which, due to the excessive cost of the materials, it is not possible to acquire physical equipment;moreover, is it desired to avoid damaging them. Finally, the stability and robustness of the proposed controllers are determined to ensure analytically the compliance with the control criteria and its correct operation.

Mathematical Modeling of Technical and Economic Systems in Agriculture IV (MMTES-IV)

Dear Authors and (Online) Participants of MMTES-IV, International Scientific Conference «Mathematical Modeling of Technical and Economic Systems in Agriculture (MMTES-IV)» was successfully held online on November 17-19, 2021 at the Department of Mathematical Modeling and Computer Science (location of organizers - Volgograd, Agricultural University, Russian Federation). Due to COVID-2019 and the pandemic-related nationwide lockdowns and other coordinated restrictive measures, the organizers decided to hold a conference in a virtual format with the organization of access for all participants to the presented reports with comprehensive discussion for ensuring the event at a high scientific level.The safety and well-being of all conference participants is our priority. The COVID-19 is unpredictable, so conference postponement met uncertainty, while many scholars and researchers want to attend this long-waited conference and have academic exchanges with their peers. But we want to note that there are no barriers to science, and we continue to work on our research areas remotely, using modern technical means. The conference was held virtually for 2 days (November 17-19, 2021) including keynote and invited speeches, authors’ presentation session. The event was held online using Zoom communication platform for synchronous conversation. The conference was organized as a large-scale online meeting of participants in topical sessions with the opportunity for speakers to provide regulated demonstrations of slides and video files according to the approved technical program. Each speaker had 15 min presentation and 5 min Q&A session. There were always 20-25 participants in the network. During the online presentation, participants discussed more than 50 questions on the problems of modeling technical and economic systems in the agro-industrial complex. Participants of the conference were from the leading institutions of Russian Federation, China, Turkey, France, Uzbekistan, Germany, Republic of Belarus (Instituto Politécnico Nacional, St. Petersburg Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Matrosov Institute for Systems Dynamics and Control Theory of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Southwest State University, Belgorod National Research University, Federal Research Center «Computer Science and Control», Russian Academy of Sciences, Namangan Engineering and Technology Institute, Technical University Of Munich, All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture, Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University, Volgograd State Technical University and others), dealing with problems of using artificial intelligence and digital technologies in technical systems. The outstanding performance of all the presenters made this conference truly spectacular. Main topics of the conference were:1. Mathematical modeling of socio-technical and organizational-economic systems.2. Modeling of natural-technical and agro-ecological processes.3. Artificial intelligence and neural network technologies in agricultural production.4. Modeling of innovative and technological processes in agricultural engineering.5. Modeling of reclamation and environmental technologies in agricultural production.6. Resource and technological support for the production of agricultural products.7. Seed production, plant breeding and biotechnology.8. Innovative technologies in solving economic problems in the agro-industrial complex.9. Modern electrical technologies, electrical equipment and power supply in rural areas.List of Committee is available in this Pdf.

TB progress set back a decade by COVID-19 – WHO

Speed read TB may have claimed more than half a million extra lives in 2020 – WHO Progress on TB ‘set back a decade’ with resources redirected to COVID-19 Tackling TB and COVID-19 in tandem could help reverse the decline, say experts More than half a million people may have died last year as a result of reductions in TB diagnosis and care, setting back progress towards ending the disease by a decade, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates. Lockdowns and reassignments of health staff and equipment have had a “severe impact” on essential TB services, according to a WHO report on the effects of the global pandemic on TB detection and mortality. “Communities, individuals and health systems are facing both these challenges, and they have to have the financial and human resources to respond.”

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY ON LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT

Logistics is one of the industries that has undergone strong evolution in recent years. The pandemic, the change of technological flows, the increase of production, the special evolution of e-commerce has determined the profound transformation of logistics. The world is changing, and automation is being found in more and more aspects of everyday life. Every year, specialized software programs and applications are launched, and the cost of equipment is constantly reduced, as new technologies appear. So, the role of the logistics system in the distribution activity must be analyzed in the context of the dynamism that characterizes all aspects of contemporary society.

The Dawn of Training Programs in Africa

A key driver of global radiology disparities is the lack of trained professionals and a lack of formal training programs, despite the increasing availability of previously cost-prohibitive radiology equipment.1 In Africa, limited access to radiology training programs is severe at both the diagnostic radiology (DR) residency and radiology subspecialty (RS) fellowship levels. Tanzania Interventional Radiology Fellowship In 2017, an IR Readiness Assessment at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) in Dar es Salaam revealed a complete lack of trained IR personnel and disposable equipment as their two main obstacles to initiating IR service.6,7 Beginning in October 2018, through close collaboration among MNH, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), and multiple US institutions including Yale and Emory Universities under the Road2IR consortium, rotating teams of IR faculty, nurses, and technologists were deployed to MNH for hands-on teaching. The two-year fellowship programs provide ample time and structure for trainees to gain the necessary competencies in their subspecialties, compared to unstructured clinical apprenticeships or short-term observer-based models.3,11 Providing in-country training opportunities is a critical step toward addressing the severe radiology disparities in Africa.